There is also something called the auto type from the C++11 standard which saves you from writing std::vector<char>::iterator and just write auto. Taking your for statement, it simply becomes:
1 2
for (auto i = myBuffer.begin(); i != myBuffer.end(); i ++)
*i -= 1;
I always suggest the g++ compiler. I have no clue which compiler you're using, but I'm currently using g++ 4.7.0 and has adequate C++11 support. Obviously, a more recent version would have a better support, and same goes with the MSVC compiler, the newer the better.
There was also a bunch of stuff added that has been slowly introduced in over the years, but you'll just have to find what they are. Two others that I can think of off the top of my head are lambda functions and the function data type. Both are extremely powerful, and fun to mess around with.
Oh, and I almost forgot, it also added some new random functions. I haven't even played with them yet though.