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AVL tree

Keshav2050 (26)
I was trying to write code to implement AVL tree, but I was getting a segmentation fault when I try to insert more than one element, I changed some functions but still the same error is coming.

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#include <iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>

using namespace std;

template<class t>
class bstn{
    public:
    t data;
    bstn *l,*r,*p;
    int h;
};

template<class t>
class bst{
    bstn<t> *newn,*tp,*tl,*tr,*t1,*root;
    public:
    bst(){
        root=NULL;
    }
    bool search(t,bstn<t>*);
    void insert(t);
    void remove(t);
    void rr(t);
    void lr(t);
    void traverse(t,bstn<t>*);
    void inch(bstn<t>*);
    void trav(bstn<t>*);
    bool s(t x){
        return search(x,root);
    }
};

template<class t>bool bst<t>::search(t x,bstn<t> *temp){
    if(root==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data!=x&&temp->l==NULL&&root->r==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data<x)
        return search(x,temp->r);
    else if(temp->data>x)
        return search(x,temp->l);
    return 1;
}//end of search function

template<class t>void bst<t>::traverse(t x,bstn<t> *temp){
    t1=temp;
    if(temp->data<x&&temp->r!=NULL)
        traverse(x,temp->r);
    else if(temp->data>x&&temp->l!=NULL)
        traverse(x,temp->r);
}//end of traverse function

template<class t>void bst<t>::rr(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    tp=t1->p;
    tl=t1->l;
    if(tp->data<tl->data)
        tp->r=tl;
    else
        tp->l=tl;
    tl->p=tp;
    t1->p=tl;
    t1->l=tl->r;
    tl->r=t1;
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::lr(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    tp=t1->p;
    tr=t1->r;
    if(tp->data<tr->data)
        tp->r=tr;
    else
        tp->l=tr;
    tr->p=tp;
    t1->p=tr;
    t1->r=tr->l;
    tr->l=t1;
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::insert(t x){
    if(s(x))
        cout<<"element is already present"<<endl;
    else{
        newn=new bstn<t>;
        newn->data=x;
        newn->l=NULL;
        newn->r=NULL;
        newn->h=0;
        if(root==NULL)
            root=newn;
        else{
        traverse(x,root);
        if(x<t1->data){
            t1->l=newn;
        }
        else{
            t1->r=newn;
        }
        newn->p=t1;
        inch(newn);
        trav(newn);
        }
        cout<<"Element is inserted."<<endl;
    }
}//end of insert function

template<class t>void bst<t>::inch(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp!=root){
        if((temp->data<temp->p->data&&temp->p->r==NULL)||(temp->data>temp->p->data&&temp->p->l==NULL)){
        temp->p->h=temp->p->h+1;
        inch(temp->p);
        }
    else if((temp->data<temp->p->data&&temp->h>temp->p->r->h)||(temp->data>temp->p->data&&temp->h>temp->p->l->h)){
        temp->p->h=temp->p->h+1;
        inch(temp->p);
        }
    }
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::trav(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp!=root){
        if(((temp->l->h)-(temp->r->h))*((temp->p->l->h)-(temp->p->r->h))<0){
            if(temp->l->h-temp->r->h<0)
                rr(temp->data);
            else
                lr(temp->data);
        }
    }
    if((temp->l->h)-(temp->r->h<-1))
        rr(temp->data);
    else if((temp->l->h)-(temp->r->h>1))
        lr(temp->data);
    if(temp!=root)
        trav(temp->p);
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::remove(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    if(t1->data!=x)
        cout<<"Element not found"<<endl;
    else{
        if(t1==root){
            if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r==NULL)
                root=NULL;

            else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r!=NULL){
                t1->r->p=NULL;
                root=t1->r;
            }
            else if(t1->l!=NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
                t1->l->p=NULL;
                root=t1->l;
            }
            else{
                for(newn=root->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
                newn->l=root->l;
                if(newn!=root->r){
                    newn->p->l=NULL;
                    newn->r=root->r;
                }
                else{
                    newn->r=NULL;
                }
                newn->p=NULL;
                root=newn;
                for(newn=root->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
                trav(newn);
            }
        }

        else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=NULL;
            else
                t1->p->l=NULL;
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r!=NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=t1->r;
            else
                t1->p->l=t1->r;
            t1->r->p=t1->p;
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else if(t1->l!=NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=t1->l;
            else
                t1->p->l=t1->l;
            t1->l->p=t1->p;
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else{
            for(newn=t1->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);

            newn->p=t1->p;
            newn->l=t1->l;

            if(t1->data>t1->p->data){
                t1->p->r=newn;
            }
            else{
                t1->p->l=newn;
            }
            if(newn!=t1->r){
                newn->p->l=NULL;
                newn->r=t1->r;
            }
            else{
                newn->r=NULL;
            }
            for(newn=t1->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
            trav(newn);
        }
    delete(t1);
    cout<<x<<" is removed."<<endl;
    }
}

int main()
{
    bst<int> avl;
    char c;
    do{
        cout<<"1.Insert\n2.Remove\n3.Search\n4.Exit\nChoose an option :";
        int x,y;
        cin>>x;
        switch(x){
            case 1:
            cout<<"What do you want to insert :";
            cin>>y;
            avl.insert(y);
            break;
            case 2:
            cout<<"What do you want to remove :";
            cin>>y;
            avl.remove(y);
            break;
            case 3:
            cout<<"What do you want to search :";
            cin>>y;
            if(avl.s(y))
                cout<<"Element found."<<endl;
            else
                cout<<"Element not found"<<endl;
            break;
            case 4:
            exit(0);
            default:
            cout<<"You didn't choose an existing option, please try again."<<endl;
        }
        cout<<"Do you want to continye[y/n] :";
        cin>>c;
    }while(c=='y'||c=='Y');
    return 0;
}

Where the output was:
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :1
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :2
Segmentation fault (core dumped)

Can anyone please explain why this is happening?
Last edited on
Peter87 (11178)
You should probably not use root inside the search function.
Keshav2050 (26)
Sorry, I didn't understand. Where should I start searching without using root?
Peter87 (11178)
I think you should use temp and not root inside the search function. The search should of course start at the root.
Last edited on
Keshav2050 (26)
I've changed code to
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template<class t>bool bst<t>::search(t x,bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data!=x&&temp->l==NULL&&root->r==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data<x)
        return search(x,temp->r);
    else if(temp->data>x)
        return search(x,temp->l);
    return 1;
}//end of search function

but the output didn't change, I think keeping temp or root doesn't change output, since we are checking for all of them in first else if block.
Peter87 (11178)
You are still using root in the search function.

You have another problem on line 53. You are using temp->r instead of temp->l.

Last edited on
Keshav2050 (26)
I'm sorry I didn't see that, thanks for showing me but still the same error's coming.
Keshav2050 (26)
Can anyone please tell me why is this happening?
Peter87 (11178)
In the trav function you assume that the temp->l and temp->r is not null. This is never the case when called from the insert function.
Keshav2050 (26)
I've changed trav and some other functions for convenience, combining 'lr' and 'rr' into a single 'rot' function

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template<class t>void bst<t>::rot(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    tp=t1->p;
    if(bf(t1)>0){
        tl=t1->l;
        if(tp->data<tl->data)
            tp->r=tl;
        else
            tp->l=tl;
        tl->p=tp;
        t1->p=tl;
        t1->l=tl->r;
        tl->r=t1;
    }
    else if(bf(t1)<0){
        tr=t1->r;
        if(tp->data<tr->data)
            tp->r=tr;
        else
            tp->l=tr;
        tr->p=tp;
        t1->p=tr;
        t1->r=tr->l;
        tr->l=t1;
    }
}


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template<class t>void bst<t>::trav(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(bf(temp)*bf(temp->p)<-1||bf(temp)<-1||bf(temp)>1)
        rot(temp->data);
    if(temp!=root)
        trav(temp->p);
}

template<class t>int bst<t>::bf(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp->l==NULL&&temp->r==NULL)
        return 0;
    else if(temp->l==NULL&&temp->r!=NULL)
        return (-1*(temp->r->h+1));
    else if(temp->l!=NULL&&temp->r==NULL)
        return temp->l->h+1;
    else
        return temp->l->h-temp->r->h;
}

but still the same error continues to come??
Peter87 (11178)
I think it is time that you learn how to use a debugger.
Keshav2050 (26)
Oh! I was doing the same mistake again and again(I didn't get how to use the debugger, but now I could find a way to use it), when (temp==root) it doesn't have any parent element, I've changed it to
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template<class t>void bst<t>::trav(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp!=root){
        if(bf(temp)*bf(temp->p)<-1||bf(temp)<-1||bf(temp)>1)
            rot(temp->data);
        trav(temp->p);
    }
    else if(bf(temp)<-1||bf(temp)>1)
        rot(temp->data);
}

and I have also noticed error in the sequene insert 1->insert 2->remove 1->insert 1->search 3 I've also changed search function as
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template<class t>bool bst<t>::search(t x,bstn<t> *temp){
    if(root==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data!=x&&temp->l==NULL&&temp->r==NULL){
        return 0;
    }
    else if(temp->data<x&&temp->r!=NULL)
        return search(x,temp->r);
    else if(temp->data>x&&temp->l!=NULL)
        return search(x,temp->l);
    else if(temp->data<x&&temp->r==NULL)
        return 0;
    else if(temp->data>x&&temp->l==NULL)
        return 0;
    return 1;
}//end of search function

program was running normally but I've noticed that I didn't change the height of elements after rotating, therefore I've changed the rot function into
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template<class t>void bst<t>::rot(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    tp=t1->p;
    if(bf(t1)>0){
        tl=t1->l;
        if(tp->data<tl->data)
            tp->r=tl;
        else
            tp->l=tl;
        tl->p=tp;
        t1->p=tl;
        t1->l=tl->r;
        tl->r=t1;
        inch(t1->l);
    }
    else if(bf(t1)<0){
        tr=t1->r;
        if(tp->data<tr->data)
            tp->r=tr;
        else
            tp->l=tr;
        tr->p=tp;
        t1->p=tr;
        t1->r=tr->l;
        tr->l=t1;
        inch(t1->r);
    }

}

and inch function as
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template<class t>void bst<t>::inch(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp!=root){
        if((temp->data<temp->p->data&&temp->p->r==NULL)||(temp->data>temp->p->data&&temp->p->l==NULL)){
        temp->p->h=temp->h+1;
        inch(temp->p);
        }
    else if((temp->data<temp->p->data&&temp->h>temp->p->r->h)||(temp->data>temp->p->data&&temp->h>temp->p->l->h)){
        temp->p->h=temp->h+1;
        inch(temp->p);
        }
    }
}
Keshav2050 (26)
Is the logic in the rot and inch functions to change the height correct?
Keshav2050 (26)
I still did many changes and used the debugger, but I am not able to understand why I am not able to delete and insert the same element especially when it is middle element with more than 4 elements
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#include <iostream>
#include<stdlib.h>

using namespace std;

template<class t>
class bstn{
    public:
    t data;
    bstn *l,*r,*p;
    int h;
};

template<class t>
class bst{
    bstn<t> *newn,*tp,*tl,*tr,*t1,*root;
    public:
    bst(){
        root=NULL;
    }
    bool search(t);
    void insert(t);
    void remove(t);
    void rot(t);
    void traverse(t,bstn<t>*);
    void inch(bstn<t>*);
    void trav(bstn<t>*);
    int bf(bstn<t>*);
    void dh(bstn<t> *temp){
        if(temp==NULL)
            cout<<"NULL"<<endl;
        else{
            cout<<temp->data<<endl;
            cout<<temp->h<<endl;
        }
    }
    void r(){
        dh(root);
    }
    void left(t x){
        traverse(x,root);
        dh(t1->l);
    }
    void right(t x){
        traverse(x,root);
        dh(t1->r);
    }
};

template<class t>bool bst<t>::search(t x){
    if(root==NULL)
        return 0;
    else{
        traverse(x,root);
        if(t1->data==x)
            return 1;
        else
            return 0;
    }
}//end of search function

template<class t>void bst<t>::traverse(t x,bstn<t> *temp){
    t1=temp;
    if(temp->data<x&&temp->r!=NULL)
        traverse(x,temp->r);
    else if(temp->data>x&&temp->l!=NULL)
        traverse(x,temp->l);
}//end of traverse function

template<class t>void bst<t>::rot(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    if(t1==root){
        tr=t1->r;
        tl=t1->l;
        if(bf(t1)>0){
            t1->l=tl->r;
            tl->r=t1;
            t1->p=tl;
            root=tl;
            inch(t1);
        }
        else if(bf(t1)<0){
            t1->r=tr->l;
            tr->l=t1;
            t1->p=tr;
            root=tr;
            inch(t1);
        }
    }
    else{
        tp=t1->p;
        if(bf(t1)>0){
            tl=t1->l;
            if(tp->data<tl->data)
                tp->r=tl;
            else
                tp->l=tl;
            tl->p=tp;
            t1->p=tl;
            t1->l=tl->r;
            tl->r=t1;
            inch(t1);
        }
        else if(bf(t1)<0){
            tr=t1->r;
            if(tp->data<tr->data)
                tp->r=tr;
            else
                tp->l=tr;
            tr->p=tp;
            t1->p=tr;
            t1->r=tr->l;
            tr->l=t1;
            inch(t1);
        }

    }
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::insert(t x){
    if(search(x))
        cout<<"element is already present"<<endl;
    else{
        newn=new bstn<t>;
        newn->data=x;
        newn->l=NULL;
        newn->r=NULL;
        newn->h=0;
        if(root==NULL)
            root=newn;
        else{
        traverse(x,root);
        if(x<t1->data){
            t1->l=newn;
        }
        else{
            t1->r=newn;
        }
        newn->p=t1;
        inch(t1);
        trav(t1);
        }
        cout<<"Element is inserted."<<endl;
    }
}//end of insert function

template<class t>void bst<t>::inch(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp->r==NULL&&temp->l==NULL)
        temp->h=0;
    else if(bf(temp)>0)
        temp->h=temp->l->h+1;
    else
        temp->h=temp->r->h+1;
    if(temp!=root)
        inch(temp->p);
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::trav(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp!=root){
        if(bf(temp)*bf(temp->p)<-1||bf(temp)<-1||bf(temp)>1)
            rot(temp->data);
        trav(temp->p);
    }
    else if(bf(temp)<-1||bf(temp)>1)
        rot(temp->data);
}

template<class t>int bst<t>::bf(bstn<t> *temp){
    if(temp->l==NULL&&temp->r==NULL)
        return 0;
    else if(temp->l==NULL&&temp->r!=NULL)
        return (-1*(temp->r->h+1));
    else if(temp->l!=NULL&&temp->r==NULL)
        return temp->l->h+1;
    else
        return temp->l->h-temp->r->h;
}

template<class t>void bst<t>::remove(t x){
    traverse(x,root);
    if(t1->data!=x)
        cout<<"Element not found"<<endl;
    else{
        if(t1==root){
            if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r==NULL)
                root=NULL;

            else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r!=NULL){
                t1->r->p=NULL;
                root=t1->r;
            }
            else if(t1->l!=NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
                t1->l->p=NULL;
                root=t1->l;
            }
            else{
                for(newn=root->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
                t1->l->p=newn;
                newn->l=root->l;
                if(newn!=root->r){
                    newn->p->l=NULL;
                    newn->r=root->r;
                }
                newn->p=NULL;
                root=newn;
                if(root->r!=NULL){
                    for(newn=root->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
                    inch(newn);
                    trav(newn);
                }
                else{
                    inch(root);
                    trav(root);
                }
            }
        }

        else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=NULL;
            else
                t1->p->l=NULL;
            inch(t1->p);
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else if(t1->l==NULL&&t1->r!=NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=t1->r;
            else
                t1->p->l=t1->r;
            t1->r->p=t1->p;
            inch(t1->p);
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else if(t1->l!=NULL&&t1->r==NULL){
            if(t1->p->data<x)
                t1->p->r=t1->l;
            else
                t1->p->l=t1->l;
            t1->l->p=t1->p;
            inch(t1->p);
            trav(t1->p);
        }
        else{
            for(newn=t1->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
            newn->l=t1->l;
            t1->l->p=newn;
            if(t1->data>t1->p->data){
                t1->p->r=newn;
            }
            else{
                t1->p->l=newn;
            }
            if(newn!=t1->r){
                newn->p->l=NULL;
                newn->r=t1->r;
            }
            newn->p=t1->p;
            for(newn=t1->r;newn->l!=NULL;newn=newn->l);
            inch(newn);
            trav(newn);
        }
    delete(t1);
    cout<<x<<" is removed."<<endl;
    }
}

int main(){
    bst<int> avl;
    char c;
    do{
        cout<<"1.Insert\n2.Remove\n3.Search\n4.Exit\nChoose an option :";
        int x,y;
        cin>>x;
        switch(x){
            case 1:
            cout<<"What do you want to insert :";
            cin>>y;
            avl.insert(y);
            break;
            case 2:
            cout<<"What do you want to remove :";
            cin>>y;
            avl.remove(y);
            break;
            case 3:
            cout<<"What do you want to search :";
            cin>>y;
            if(avl.search(y))
                cout<<"Element found."<<endl;
            else
                cout<<"Element not found"<<endl;
            break;
            case 4:
            exit(0);
            case 9:
            avl.r();
            break;
            case 8:
            cin>>x;
            avl.left(y);
            break;
            case 7:
            cin>>x;
            avl.right(y);
            break;
            default:
            cout<<"You didn't choose an existing option, please try again."<<endl;
        }
        cout<<"Do you want to continye[y/n] :";
        cin>>c;
    }while(c=='y'||c=='Y');
    return 0;
}
Keshav2050 (26)
And the output is
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :1
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :2
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :3
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :4
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :5
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :6
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :7
Element is inserted.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :2
What do you want to remove :4
4 is removed.
Do you want to continye[y/n] :y
1.Insert
2.Remove
3.Search
4.Exit
Choose an option :1
What do you want to insert :4
Segmentation fault (core dumped)

The debugger's showing the same function name (inch();) twenty times, I checked the program by printing the root element and left and right elements of all the elements and everything looks normal(I did the program in linux)
Last edited on
Keshav2050 (26)
Can anyone please tell the reason?
cire (8284)
It's gonna be difficult for anyone to wade through that code. If you had names that meant something, and your class data members weren't mostly things that should be local variables in member functions and you had a useful comment here and there, it might be a bit easier. Of the 6 data members in bst, only one of them (root) actually belongs.
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